![]() Dummer, England, 1952 (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883. Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848 (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870. Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824. Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.” Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665 (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839. “Canals” of Mars: Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877. Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888 (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948. Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669 (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684. (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835. Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614 (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632 (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642 (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671 (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849. Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800 (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825 (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820. Boyle's law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662. Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628. Gamow, U.S., 1948 (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. ![]() Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927 (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816 (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884. Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643. 1970 (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970. ![]() Bar codes (computer-scanned binary signal code): (retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783. Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683. Avogadro's law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat. Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885 (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885 (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891 (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911 (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913. Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911. Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, Greece, first century B.C. Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943. Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882 (flatiron) Henry W. Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890. Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867. Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887 (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928 (penicillin's infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940. Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic-ether-on humans) Crawford W. Anatomy, human: ( De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543 (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805. Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852 (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900. Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911. Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868. Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897. See also Famous Firsts in Aviation, Nobel Prizes. Infoplease Staff From Adrenaline to the Zipper
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